The Basic Facts of College Essay Acceptance Samples

The Basic Facts of College Essay Acceptance Samples An acceptance letter for college is an essential document a student is predicted to produce for admission. The large part of the essay employs standard English and English grammar. Apart from having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to develop the very best college essay. Writing a college admission essay can be very tough. How to Find College Essay Acceptance Samples Online Try to remember that the admissions officers are somewhat more interested in your perspective of what took place than the events themselves. Sample If you want some ideas about how to compose an outstanding letter containing all the critical details, looking at an illustration can be quite valuable. It is crucial to note that a few of these statements could possibly be using prompts that are no longer accepted by colleges. At this phase, you should disclose your contact info and personal information. During such scenarios, college acceptance essay examples offer you immense assistance. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the possibilities of admission. A strong essay can provide you the ideal opportunity to get in the school that you dream about. Also, in case you have an essay which you are pleased with and would love to share with others, don't hesitate to speak to us with it and well publish it with your attribution. What to Expect From College Essay Acceptance Samples? If you're in charge of corresponding with university students, especially in regards to the acceptance of admissions, it is crucial for you to be aware of how to compose formal small business letters about the subject. If you would like to create a college essay which works, you want to provide importance on the content which you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. Besides college loans, there's the stress of keeping a GPA to join the univ ersity that you dream about. Get advice on how to assemble a fantastic college application and learn to estimate your odds of admission with our college acceptance calculator. What is Really Happening with College Essay Acceptance Samples The letter of recommendation isn't required and aren't going to appear in the status checklist. An application essay is among the most essential components in the university application approach. It is essential for you to have correct information so as to compose an acceptance letter. As a way to snag an admittance letter to a college, you should have a terrific application. The letter ought to be welcoming and written in an official way from the start to the end. If you're beginning to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a rest and do something different. Fortunately, you've come to the proper place to discover the best remedy to every single academic writing problem that you're currently facing with your essay. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. One of the most difficult elements of college life is finances. They should comprehend any issue that may come from any portion of the world so they can help solve it. They ought to understand the significance of education for life. Almost every one of the inventions which make our life easier today are the results of education. Details of College Essay Acceptance Samples Save simple sentences for instances when you want to make impact. This is an official letter, and thus, formal language has to be used. The essay does not have any grammatical errors, and a few of the short, punchy phrases reveal a high amount of rhetorical sophistication. A quick sentence is utilised to produce the emotional resolution of the admission essay. A Startling Fact about College Essay Acceptance Samples Uncovered Your college essay should contain information that relate to the instr uction provided to you. Or you'll be able to view 18 essays all on a single page. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the very best assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay you can be confident in. Despite exceptional grades, a poorly written essay gives you a poor name. It is suggested to take advantage of college acceptance essay examples. These instances can result in rush decisions like writing a college essay straight away without reading the instructions that are made by the academic institution. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you need to always bear in mind. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. In your essays, you may use distinctive approaches. Although you must be creative when writing your essay, resist the need to find creative with the facts. Stephen's essay is quite effective. An acceptance essay differs from an expository essay, because it will offer more information on one's experiences.

Internal Factors Influencing Consumer Decision-Making process The ase Literature review

Essays on Internal Factors Influencing Consumer Decision-Making process: The ase of Coke Consumers Literature review The paper "Internal Factors Influencing Consumer Decision-Making process: The Ð ¡ase of Coke Consumers" is a good example of a literature review on marketing. The consumer  decision-making process is a road map that represents thoughts, evaluations, and actions that lead an individual to accept or reject particular products. Precisely, it refers to the behaviors portrayed by a consumer in the processes of a search for, evaluation, selection, purchasing, use and disposal of products and services (Blythe, 2008). According to Lamb et, al (2011), the consumer decision-making model involves â€Å"need recognition, a search of information, evaluation of the available alternatives, purchase decision and post-purchase decision†. Understanding of the consumers’ decision-making processes helps in formulating effective marketing strategies and plans. Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer of non-alcoholic beverages in the world. Some of the successful global brands of th e Coca-Cola Company include Die Coke, Sprite, Fanta, Glaceau vitamin water, Oasis, Oasis extra light and Relentless, Sprite Zero, Schweppes zero, 5 Alive, Kia ora, Kia ora zero and Powerade Powerade zero. The Coke brand is present in more than two hundred countries across the globe. According to Lantos (2010), the successful performance of coke in the highly competitive soft drinks market can be attributed to the Coca-Cola’s strategies to understand consumers’ needs and behaviors and its effective customer management and response strategies. Lantos (2010) explains that the innovation of these products was influenced by purchasing behaviors of different consumer segments.Internal Factors influencing decision makingConsumers of soft drinks such as coke can be described as problem solvers whose purchase decisions are influenced by their perceptions, individual personalities, and attitudes towards this product (Lee Johnson, 2012). According to lee Johnson (2012), coke co nsumers also focus on consequences when making their purchasing decisions. These behaviors are best described in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, attitude-towards-object, Freudian, consumer perceptual process and classical conditioning learning models. Therefore, the main factors influencing decision-making processes for coke consumers include motivation, perception, personality and self-concept, attitude and learningConsumer motivationMotivation refers to an innate force that drives an individual to make a decision or engage in a behavior. It develops from an inner tension caused by unsatisfied desire (Bose, 2010). The need to fulfill specific desires drives human action. Unsatisfied needs lead to tension which, in turn, drives individuals to develop specific goals to satisfy these needs. Thus, consumers select specific product categories and brands that they believe are going to satisfy their needs, as described in the Hierarchy of Needs Theory. The Hierarchy of Needs theory wa s proposed in 1943 by Abraham Maslow.

Project Quality Management for Regulation and Laws - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Quality Management for Regulation and Laws. Answer: How do you define quality on a project Quality in project could be related to providing best quality of the services and products to the stakeholders with a view to increase the overall satisfaction of the clients. However, complying with the applicable rules and regulation is the genuine concern for evaluating the quality of the project. If a project is prepared after complying with the all the rules, regulation, laws then it will be determined that project has high quality and maintain high project quality management. In simple words, it is a planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system of the project to meet the required needs of projects products and services (Kerzner, 2013). Which tools and techniques do you think are a necessity for planning a projects quality management There are several tools which are given as below to control the project quality management in project PERT chart- It is the planning and control chart which define and control the task necessary to complete the project in best efficient manner. This chart provides a graphical presenting to complete the work (Lermen, et al. 2016). Critical path method- It is the network chart which reflects the time involved to complete all project task within the given time manner. This will show the time involved in completion of the task in easy and determined approach. Why these tools are necessary These tools will help in identify the core aspects of the project undertaken and increase the quality of the project. For instance, PERT chart will help company to implement proper strategies to manage its business in easy and determined approach. Critical path method will help project manager to complete all project tasks in easy and timely manner. This will help project manager to complete the task in least cost and within the given time manner of the prepared action plan (Srivastava, et al 2017). References Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons Lermen, F. H., Morais, M. D. F., Matos, C., Rder, R., Rder, C. (2016).Optimization of times and costs of project of horizontal laminator production using PERT/CPM technical.Independent Journal of Management Production,7(3). Srivastava, N. N., Thakor, R. U., Patel, S. V., Viroja, S. G., Chetta, U. S., Rathod, B. G., ... Maniar, N. I. (2017). Application of PERT in geo-scientific software development projectsfew case studies.

Modernization Essays - Modernity, Development Studies,

Modernization Modernization can be interpreted as growth of a nation in all areas (i.e. social, economic, political), for example, the aim is ?development of national forms of polity, the objects of which are to increase the social product with fair shares for all. Successful models now include Japan and the Soviet Union' (Apter 1965, Preface). Although this definition is outdated, as the inclusion of the Soviet Union (no longer in existence and with serious economic and social problems persisting in Russia) and Japan (also currently in a recession along with most of Asia) illustrates, the ideal of modernization is clear. Another approach to the term modernization is not to take it as an ideal but as a simple increase in social (literacy, numeracy), economic and political (rationalizing beaurocracy) standards within a given region (Marglin and Marglin 1990). Whether this ideal or set of standards is a natural state to which all countries will gravitate is the question that this essay will attempt to answer. Is the Darwinian theory of evolution something that can be applied to the great animal that people know as civilization (or the nation-state)? Is modernization the evolution of the species on a different level? Britain was the first ?modern' nation by these standards, in the sense that industrialization of the country resulted in a final shift from an agrarian society (limited trade) to an industrial society (highly commercial) thereby creating a new social, economic and political state. This is to say that the ?instrument' (Weiner (ed.) 1966, 7) for modernizing Britain was industrialization, and not that industrialization equals modernization. The British Empire, already being established, grew rapidly due to the technological innovations derived from industrialization, colonies were established in countries without the modern system which Britain had evolved. Thus, it can be derived that, British colonists who sought to establish political, social and economic systems to benefit the modernization of the colony exported the ideal of the modern nation-state to those countries within the empire. The majority of these colonial nations as well as those of the other industrialized nations gained their independence following the end of the Second World War, and were faced with the problem of attempting to modernize (if that was the objective). Modernization often requires ?personalities' (Apter 1965, Hunter 1969, Pye 1966), the Elite members of Shils' ?new states' (in Geertz (ed.) 1963) sought to create an acceptable political system whether that took the form of one-party or multiple-parties by following the colonial political structures that had been established. These largely peasant societies were traditionally agricultural/agrarian based, much like those found in 15th Century Europe (Hunter 1969, 4), thereby making the application of established political practices from far more developed countries a great challenge. As a result of this; ?Difficulties arise for comparative study because we have enshrined moral principles in models that have served well in a western political context' (Apter 1965, 15). After all, the global economic and political climate found in 15th Century Britain & Europe was markedly different to that which surrounded these developing nations. Therefore the impetus for modernisation comes as much from external forces exerted by modernised nations as from within the nation itself. So although, as Pye puts it, ?Economic achievement is, for example, directly tied to the spirit of industry and entrepreneurship of a people..' ( in Weiner (ed.) 1966, 364), nations such as Britain and the United States exerted pressure on the economies of developing countries for purposes of trade and international relations. Indeed a ?major goal of United States foreign policy' was ?the political development' of Third World countries (Wiarda 1989). Whether this political development has actually occurred, particularly in Africa, is a matter of great debate (Shaw 1991, Nyang'oro 1989). The images of Ethiopia in the 1980s where famine was decimating the population, Rwandan civil war and ethnic cleansing, and the Central African Republic/Congo political leadership struggle have all outlined the great political, social and economic problems on the continent. In Ethiopia the feudal, with a few moderations, system has been the dominant political situation since 1941 (Gilkes 1975). The people of many countries in Africa, even those with strong ties to colonial powers and well-established infrastructure (e.g. Tanzania), may have the trappings of modern society (e.g. Television and Coca-Cola) without having a stable political system. As a result of war, famine, lack of diversification and their exploitation by foreign powers, these nations are in massive debt and cannot modernise their society (hence the Cancel Third World Debt appeal). This can surely not be considered modernisation by the westernised standards that are imposed upon the term. However,

It Was Self-Defense! Professor Ramos Blog

It Was Self-Defense! Aileen Wuornos story is no fairytale, it is filled with misfortune, tragedy, and terror. Aileen Wuornos was born on February 29, 1956 in Rochester, Michigan. Wuornos parents, Diane and Leo were divorced before Aileen was born and both abandoned her and her brother Keith to Diane’s parents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos. Wuornos Grandfather abused both Aileen and Keith physically, verbally, and sexually, while the grandmother pretended to be oblivious to what was happening. When Wuornos was thirteen years old, she started to engage in sexual activities with the boys at school for cigarettes, drugs, and food. Wuornos began her life of prostitution when she was sixteen and she lived by herself. Her brother Keith died of lung cancer when she was twenty and Aileen decided to migrate to Florida. In Florida she became a highway prostitute where she met her girlfriend Tyria Moore at a gay bar in Daytona Beach. Wuornos was a highway prostitute, she would walk down the street and when a guy picked her up, she would tell them my car broke down or I have two kids that I need to get to. She would say to them that she has no money and wondered if they were willing to help her out and in exchange, she would have intercourse or other things with them. On December 13, 1989 was the kick off of Wuornos’ murders when Richard Mallory raped and tried to murder Wuornos. Wuornos escaped and shot Mallory three times with a 0.22 caliber handgun. From there she ended up killing six or seven men. Aileen Wuornos was arrested on January 6, 1991 on an old traffic warrant. Police couldn’t charge Aileen with the murders because there were, no witnesses, and no murder weapon. The police found Moore and convinced her to get Wuornos to confess. â€Å"On January 16, Wuornos confessed to six of the killings but claimed that they were in self-defense† (Phelps, 6). In January 1992 she was sentenced to death and on October 9, 2002 she died of lethal injection. What caused her to murder those men? Based off research the three main reasons are that she never had a good male role model in her life, when she was raped as an adult that furthered her hatred towards men, and she had to provide money for her girlfriend Tyria Moore. Ever since Wuornos was born she has never had a good male role model in her life. Her father was incarcerated right when Wuornos born for kidnapping and raping a seven-year old girl. He committed suicide in prison by hanging himself on January 30, 1969. Throughout her life the â€Å"man† that took care of Wuornos and her brother was her alcoholic Grandfather Lauri Wuornos. Aileen grew up thinking that she had four siblings, but three of them were actually her uncles, and aunts. Since Aileen and Keith were not Lauri’s children, he was more abusive towards them. He would constantly physically abuse them. Call them names such as worthless, evil, and unwanted children. Sometimes he would make Aileen strip off her clothes before beating her. â€Å"At about age fourteen, Wuornos was raped by a family friend and became pregnant. Her grandfather forced her to give up the child for adoption† (Encyclopedia, 2). Aileen even tried to tell her Grandfather what happened and he beat her for it. In Jeffery Jerome Cohen’s â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† he tries to explain how each monster fits into his seven theses’. For Aileen she fits into â€Å"Thesis three: The Monster is the Harbinger of Category Crisis†, meaning that a monster is created, born, or raised in a different way. Aileen Wuornos was not raised in the same way most people are. She was raised in an abusive home by her grandparents who she thought were her real parents until the age of eleven. Since she was born and raised differently, that caused problems for her that not everyone goes through. On December 13, 1989 when she met Richard Mallory, that night changed Wuornos life forever. Wuornos claimed that Mallory raped her and that she used self-defense and shot him three times. Because of that night that was the precipitating cause where she could no longer take men anymore and felt powerless to them. Mallory was actually a convicted rapist and even his wife said â€Å"He was so sweet †¦ and then ten minutes later he would scare the heck out of you† (Pearson, 19) and that even his wife knew of his unpredictable violent actions. Since the incident with Mallory, Wuornos convinced herself that every man that picked her up was going to rape her. Psychologists believe that she made up the excuse of self-defense. For example, â€Å"in one instance she indicated that the murders were the result of anger when her companions refused to have sex with her (Court TV, 1999). In another instance, Aileen reported that she would fight with her victims about sex and that when they became abusive, demanding that she have intercourse with them, she endeavored to protect herself from being raped (Ahern, 2001)† (Arrigo and Griffin, 56). So, this leads to the question were any of those men really trying to rape her? Or did she feel scared that something would happen and took action? Tyria Moore was an important person in Aileen Wuornos life. It first started off with them meeting in a gay bar in Daytona Beach, Florida that then escalated to them becoming lovers to them moving in together. They were together for almost four years and lived off the earnings that Wuornos made as a prostitute. Moore knew about the murder of Mallory and was suspicious about others, but she was scared and unsure of what to do. In the movie â€Å"Monster† directed by Patty Jenkins, Moore’s character â€Å"Shelby Wall† was more of a fictional character and didn’t actually properly represent her. Shelby Wall became greedy with money and wanted Wuornos to continue to prostitute while Moore never wanted that because she believed it was too dangerous. The truth about the movie is that Wuornos loved Moore, wanted to provide for her, and was always afraid that Moore would leave her. That was the root cause of why Wuornos continued to kill those men, so that she cou ld provide for Tyria Moore. Do you believe that those men Wuornos killed actually tried to hurt her? Or did she misread the situation she was in? From the research that I have read I believe that some of the men she killed such as Mallory actually did rape her. That was her breaking point, she couldn’t handle being inferior to men anymore so she somewhat lost her mind and killed every man she thought would rape her. I believe there were situations that she misread for men trying to help her such as Charles Humphreys who was a former state child abuse investigator/chief of police and also known as a family man. He was known as a guy to always try to help people in need especially women. I do feel some empathy for the things that Wuornos went through and that how she was brought up and went through life was hapless. That she was doomed from the beginning, but I also feel sorry for the families who lost someone who was actually innocent in the situation if any were. Arrigo, Bruce A., and Ayanna Griffin. â€Å"Serial Murder and the Case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment Theory, Psychopathy, and Predatory Aggression.† Behavioral Sciences the Law, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2004, pp.375-393. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/bsl.583. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† University of Minnesota Press. 1996. Print. â€Å"Monster†. Directed by Patty Jenkins. Denver and Delilah Films. 17 December, 2003. Pearson, Kyra. â€Å"The Trouble with Aileen Wuornos, Feminism’s ‘First Serial Killer.’† Communication Critical/cultural Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 256-275. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/1420701472791. Wuornos, Aileen Carol [Aileen Carol Pittman] (1956 ). World of Criminal Justice, Gale, edited by Shirelle Phelps, Gale, 1st edition, 2002. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/worldcrims/wuornos_aileen_carol_aileen_carol_pittman_1956/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 05 Aug. 2019. Wuornos, Aileen. Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States, Louis J. Palmer, McFarland, 2nd edition, 2008. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/mcfcpus/wuornos_aileen/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 05 Aug. 2019.

What Should You Do If You Have a B Average GPA

What Should You Do If You Have a B Average GPA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's important to be aware of the constraints your grades in high school might place on you in the college application process. If you have a B average, you're doing fairly well, but you might consider making some changes to your academic strategies to have a better shot at reaching your goals. In this article, I'll go over what a B average is and what you should do if you have one depending on where you are in your high school career. What Is a B Average, and Can It Get You into College? A B average corresponds to a 3.0 GPA, which is about average for a high school student.Keep in mind that this is the average for ALL high school students, not just students who plan on attending college.Measured against other students who are applying to college, a 3.0 GPA is lower than average.According to our database, only 21.3 percent of colleges have average GPAs for admitted students that are lower than a 3.0. This doesn’t mean that you’ll have trouble finding a school that will accept you, but it does mean you’ll have to target less selective options.If you’re hoping to get into a competitive college program, you may want to work on improving your GPA.I’ll go over some strategies for this in the next section. How Can You Improve Your Chances of College Admission If You Have a B Average? If you’re still a freshman or sophomore, you have time to raise your GPA, so you should think about adopting better study habits if you want to attend a more selective college.If you’re a junior or senior, you don’t have much time to improve your grades.In this case, focus on other aspects of your college application like standardized test scores.Here’s some advice for each of these scenarios: If You Have Time to Raise Your Grades: Study Smarter Using effective study strategies is critical for improving your grades.Tests are stressful, and if you aren’t totally comfortable with the material you might get anxious and end up with a grade that doesn't reflect your true abilities.The best way to avoid this is to spread out your studying over a longer period of time so that you can fully absorb the information. The goal is for the material to be embedded deeply in your mind rather than floating perilously on the edge of your memory (which is what happens when you cram!).Try studying for an hour every night during the week before a test rather than studying for five hours the night before.You should also make sure you’re getting the most out of your study sessions, which means enlisting someone else to quiz you after you've reviewed everything on your own. As someone with a B average, you're already doing something right with your study strategies. You probably know most of the material fairly well before each test, but you're not pushing yourself to the point of complete understanding. In order to take your grades from good to great, you will have to be vigilant about filling small gaps in your knowledge. The difference between a B and an A is your performance on the most complex aspects of a test or assignment. You may need to add an extra hour or two to your studying to give yourself enough time to reach that higher level. And if you need to eat some ice cream to get through the extra studying, so be it. Avoid Procrastination If you’re working on raising your grades, procrastination is the enemy.Waiting until the last minute to complete assignments means that you don't have time to edit or polish your work, and you’ll probably turn in a final product that doesn't accuratelyreflect your abilities. I’d recommend making a timeline with checkpoints for completing portions of long term projects to keep yourself on schedule.Try to finish all the most labor-intensive parts of a project a week before it’s due so that you have a significant amount of time to reassess your work and see if you need to make any adjustments. Don't forget to read directions carefully, and be sure to include everything you need to earn the most credit (and extra credit if available!). This final effort is often the difference between B-quality work and A-quality work. Step Up in Class This is the one of the most fundamental tips I can give you. Makea point of paying attention in class and asking and answering questions whenever possible.This will help to reinforce your knowledge of the subject and make studying much less of a pain. If you pay close attention in class, you will already have a better understanding of the material that’s on your next test.When you study, you’ll be starting from a more informed position, and the whole process will be less stressful.Some things that you thought you had to study might already be ingrained in your memory because you were listening when your teacher went over them in class. If you're already someone who pays attention and participates in class, which many B students are, you might think about taking this a step further. It can be really helpful to start taking detailed notes in your classes, especially in subjects where there's a lot of information to remember. If you take notes, you'll get dual reinforcement of the information from both auditory and visual sources. This might be the extra push you need to get the most out of your time in class, especially if you're more of a visual learner. If you can raise your GPA to a 3.2 (which is a very manageable goal!), you will be a competitive applicant at more than double the number of schools you were competitive for at a 3.0.On the flip side, if you let your grades slip and end up with a 2.8 GPA, you will be competitive for less than half the number of schools than with a 3.0. Don’t let that happen! Don't freeze on me now... If You Don’t Have Time to Raise Your Grades: Study for the SAT and ACT Standardized test scores contribute strongly to your chances of admission at most colleges.In many cases, they are nearly as important as your GPA.If it’s too late in the game for you to improve your grades, raising your standardized test scores is the best way to impress colleges.Check out some of our other articles for advice on how to formulate a study plan and improve your scores significantly before the next test date. Plan Out Your Application Essays Another way to improve your chances of admission is to make sure that your collegeessays are well-thought-out and meaningful.I would recommend that you start planning your essays well in advance if possible, ideally at the beginning of the summer before senior year. This will give you more time to brainstorm what makes you unique and how you’ll contribute positively to a college community. Colleges are looking for students who are passionate about academic subjects and extracurricular activities. If you have a special perspective that you can offer on something that’s important to you, make sure you showcase it in your essay. It would be cool if you could just set up an adorably quaint workspace like this and your essay would write itself. What Other Options Do You Have for College With a B Average? If you know that it’s too late to do much to improve your grades before you apply to college, you have a few options.A 3.0 GPA means that you'll be a competitive applicant at many colleges, though you may have to lower your expectations to accommodate less selective institutions.See our information page onwhat colleges you can get into with a 3.0 GPAfor a better idea of where you stand. College is definitely within reach, so you shouldn't worry about being universally rejected if you choose your schools responsibly. Another option that many students don’t think about is going to a community college for a year and then transferring out to a more selective institution.Your grades are high enough to get into a regular four-year college, but you could potentially earn a degree from an even better school and graduate with less debt if you go the community college route initially.If you get good grades during your time in community college, youcouldleverage them into a transfer spot at a more competitive school.This strategy will benefit both your wallet and your ultimate job prospects if you’re willing to put in the hard work during your first year of college and take initiative in the transfer application process. You'll save a whole suitcase of money if you go to community college for a year. Probably. It depends on the denominations. Conclusion If you have a B average in high school, you'll be able to get into a number of less selective institutions. However,if you want to improve your chances of admission at competitive schools, you should work on raising your GPA. If it’s too late for you to make changes to your GPA, work on raising your standardized test scores and crafting a great application essay instead.You might consider going to community college for a year and then transferring to a more selective school to finish up your degree, but you can also apply to less selective four-year colleges. If you’re still a freshman or sophomore, keep working hard to improve your grades!Even a small improvement can make a big difference in the college admissions process. The wider your range of college options, the more likely it is that you’ll find a school that’s perfect for you. What's Next? Check out our list ofawesome colleges for B students. Still working on choosing your classes for the upcoming year or semester? Read our expert guide on which classes you should take in high school. Have there been significant changes in your grades from year to year? Find out which year of high school is most important when it comes to college applications. What do colleges actually look at when it comes to your GPA? Read this article to learn more about weighted and unweighted GPAs in the college application process. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Theory of Constraints and the Public and Non-profit Organizations Essay

Theory of Constraints and the Public and Non-profit Organizations - Essay Example The theory of constraints is based on the practical implications of 'how to think' and deals with thinking processes and their applications. The theory of Constraints was originally developed by Eliyahu M. Goldratt who introduced the concept in his book, The Goal. The concept suggests that the world around us could be changed with a better understanding of the cause effect relationships between certain processes. The theory of constraints thinking processes or TPs are problem solving tools that show ongoing improvements raising questions on what to change and how to cause the change within any organisation (Goldratt 1984, Friedman, 2005). Some of the essential management skills that are essential to any system and recognized by TOC thinking processes would be communication, team building and empowerment. The theory of constraints thinking processes could be applied to production units, to distribution, marketing, sales, project management and laying out the direction of a company. In the Goal, Goldratt suggests that within any complex organisational system, there will be weaknesses and as within a chain the weakest link must be identified and corrected, so also within any organisation, the weaknesses will have to be identified as weaknesses coul... thin any organisation, the weaknesses will have to be identified as weaknesses could limit the ability of any system or company from achieving its goal. The TOC thinking processes or TPS provides an integrated problem solving methodology that help in construction of solutions, communications, collaboration and successful implementation of all solutions to problems identified within any organisation (Goldratt, 1984). The TOC Thinking Processes provides solutions to production, project management, distribution, supplier relations, sales and marketing and also provides generic solutions to specific organisational environments. The Theory of Constraints or TOC is based on the fact that there is at least one limiting factor that constraints the revenue generating process of a company (Friedman 2005). By increasing production rate of a company and initial implementation obstacles, TOC approaches could be used to identify constraints or bottlenecks, exploit these constraints to increase eff iciency of the company, elevate and downplay these constraints and repeat all the measures taken to overcome bottleneck. Some of the essential features of the theory of constraints include gaining agreement that a problem or limitation exists for a company, a direction is sought out to provide a solution to the problem, and negative ramifications and obstacles to implementation are overcome. Goldratt's theory of constraints not only helps identify constraints and helps improving organisational success, but also facilitates improvement for organisations and teams using solutions from the Theory of Constraints (Friedman, 2005). The Theory of Constraints is based on cause and effect logic as the cause of any production problems in a company is identified and sorted out and all local

Winning a Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Winning a Lottery - Essay Example The article's headline says, "Artist Wins Million." Included a picture of your surrounded by your family and friends. Everyone in the picture was smiling. But, the reality is different. With the help of this letter, I want to tell you some negative effects of sudden wealth. But my message is very clear that sudden wealth can bring nothing but unhappiness. It may directly effect on your personality, relationships, and lifestyle.Winning a lottery will create a sense of isolationism and you will be separated from friends and family. This could happen if the winner like you relocated into a new setting; therefore, it will disconnect you from your friends and family. As, what, I have recently experienced in my life. You could furthermore appeal new family and associates who could be characterized as being 'false' as their concerns are in the cash and not in your friendship. For example, there have been normal situations of distant or estranged relations abruptly and unexpectantly seeming out of the azure when hearing of a family member's latest fortunes. Eventually the one-by-one may not be adept to differentiate their authentic associates from the 'false' ones. They may then isolate themselves from all of them or just accept the realization that some of their associates are only actually involved in what the victor can do for them and not the victor themselves. Drastic change is abnormal and thus the one-by-one may not be adept ... There may furthermore be too much force on the individual. There are family constituents, associates as well as economic advisors, all of who have inconsistent and vying interests. This can lead to stress and tension as well as a lesson dilemma for the one-by-one as a outcome of them having to conclude between who they should hear to and take recommendations from. This could finally manifest itself into a pattern of guilt and hostility in the direction of these persons and loved ones. For this cause, the lottery can conceive an painful position for you and you may not have had to make such significant conclusions and choices. This could conceive an unhealthy and dejected state of brain for you that could finally lead to contradictory tendency. However, I would like to state that it is not triumphant the lottery that directs to persons committing suicide, but diverse socio-economic components and variables that are the genuine determinants of suicide. For example, if or not the one-by-one was struck as a progeny or if he/she came from a lone parent family are significant components that should be taken into account as they play a key function in forming a person's mind. The one-by-one could furthermore have been psychologically unstable in the first place. Therefore suicide can not be verified to be exactly associated to triumphant the lottery as the person's psychological state of brain before triumphant is a key determinant. Conclusion All in all, lottery winning will create troubles in your coming life. And you could be more irresponsible and unnecessary with your money than you must be. In the long run, the amount that you have won could be enormously

Child Abuse and Maltreatment Essay Example for Free

Child Abuse and Maltreatment Essay Child abuse is a global problem, which unfortunately happens in every society, culture and communities. The term â€Å"Child Abuse† refers to intended acts that result in physical or emotional harm to children. Child abuse covers a wide range of behavior from physical assault by parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of child’s basic need. Child abuse is a social problem that affects millions of children each year, children less than 3 years of age being the most frequent victims. (Edelman Mandle, 2010) For this article, the author chose to discuss child abuse and maltreatment in preschool age children. There are many forms of child abuse such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, verbal abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and abandonment/ separation. In this age most common abuses are physical, sexual, emotional and negligence. As a health care provider when we are assessing a case of child abuse, we always need to check the background of the child’s family child, by checking parenting skills of caretakers, employment and education status of the parents, financial conditions at home and environment of the house (safe and clean for the child). We also need to check for any history of drug and alcohol abuse among family members, care taker’s personal limitations and certain cognitive or medical conditions (such as mental retardation or depression) of care takers, all these can effect child’s care tremendously. (Jarvis, 2011) Signs and symptoms nurses need to check for when they are assessing a preschool child for abuse are as follows: Physical Child abuse: Child has unexplained recurrent injuries, burns, fractures, bruises and bald patches. Child shows sign of fear and hesitation during physical exam (he is trying to pull himself away from examiner). Child has difficult time concentrating and shows self-destruction tendencies aggression towards others. Child is wary of adults and injuries on the body are inconsistent with the childs age and developmental phase. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Sexual Child Abuse: Child has unusual or excessive itching in the private areas. Genital or anal area is torn, stained or underwear has blood spots. Child’s genital or anal areas could be injured, due to bruising, swelling or infection. Child plays inappropriately with his toys and makes inappropriate drawing according to his age. Suddenly child starts thumb sucking or brings out discarded cuddly toys to play. Child also exhibits a sudden loss of appetite or on the other hand eats compulsively, he starts being isolated or  withdrawn from family/friends and becomes worried when clothing are being removed. Child frequently wets him/herself and often has nightmares. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Emotional Child Abuse: Parents or caretakers frequently yell, threaten or bully the child. They are ignoring the child as a form of punishment, giving him the silent treatment for his needs and also show no signs of affection and love (i.e. hugs kisses and tapping the back). Child shows severe sign of depression, extreme withdrawal or aggression towards other people. Child could be overly compliant with his caretaker orders, too well-mannered and too neat or clean. Child also displays extreme inhibition while playing. Child could have extreme attention seeking behavior or failure to thrive behavior. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Child Neglect: Child has poor personal hygiene, unkempt clothes and hair. Child stays constantly hungry and seems very thin compared to the peer age group. Child has many unattended physical problems or medical needs, eg dental work and glasses. Child is frequently absent from school and forgets his lunch. Child has no social relationship with other kids and shows destructive tendencies. (Center of Child Protection and Famil y Support, 2012) If children been abused by parents and care givers during infancy, toddler and preschool age. They show sign of developmental delay in displaying language, motor and social skills. Abused preschoolers respond to peers and other adults with more aggression and anger than do non-abused children. It is important for the nurse to understand certain cultural health practices that may be misidentified as child abuse. For example In Southeast Asian countries like Laos and Vietnam, people from Mien cultural beliefs in natural healing and use homemade remedies to treat most of the child disease. When a child suffers from restlessness, unremitting crying, agitation, constipation and loss of appetite, parents of the child use string of inner pulp (found in a special reed).The pulp is then dipped lightly in pork fat and lit. The flame is passed quickly over the skin above the pain site, which raises blisters on the skin or sometimes burn the skin which can easily misidentified as child abuse. To cover the blister and burn areas, they use Tiger Balm afterward. Only older person in the family can do this ritual to cure child pain. (McIntyre Silva, 1992) To report the child abuse in California State, nurse needs contact the California Department of Social services  (toll-free number is 1- 800-422-4453) or call Sacramento county Child Protective Services child abuse hotline at 916-568-6635. Any person who has knowledge of or observes a child whom he or she knows or reasonably suspects has been a victim of child abuse or neglect may report the known or suspected instance of child abuse or neglect. (California Department of social services, 2012) Description of report mechanism: Mandated reports of child abuse or neglect must include: †¢ The name, business address, and telephone number of the mandated reporter; †¢ The capacity that makes the person a mandated reporter; and †¢ The information that gave rise to the reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect and the source or sources of that information. If a report is made, the following information, if known, also must be included in the report: †¢ The child’s name, child’s address, present location and if applicable child’s school, grade, and class. †¢ The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the child’s parents or guardians. †¢ The name, address, telephone number, and other relevant personal information about the person or persons who might have abused or neglected the child. (California’s Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, 2006) References: California’s Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act: Reporting Rules for Health Care Providers, (2006). Retrieved from November 27, 2012 from: http://www.teenhealthlaw.org/fileadmin/teenhealth/teenhealthrights/ca/06_CA_ChildAbuseChapter.pdf California Department of social services. (2012). Child Abuse Prevention Services. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from: http://www.childsworld.ca.gov/PG1319.htm Center For Child Protection and Support,( 2012). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from: http://www.centerchildprotection.org/report_abuse.htm Edelman, C., Mandle, C. (2010). Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span. (7th ed.). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/9780323056625/S6/0 Jarvis, C. (2011). Physical Examination and Health Assessment (6). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0151-7/id/B9781437701517000078_c00007 McIntyre, T., Silva, P. (1992). Beyond Behavior. Culturally Diverse Childrearing Practices: A busive or Just Different? Volume 4,

Unemployment: Keynesian Ideas and Fiscal Policy Essay -- Economics, Un

Fiscal policy, as we know it today, is meant to mitigate unemployment and stabilize the economy through aggregate demand. Despite dismal unemployment numbers, politicians and policy-makers continue to use and be optimistic about the effectiveness of fiscal policy in this regard. Policy as we have seen over the past five years has had dismal effect on the unemployment numbers we are seeing today. It seems we need a policy that will tackle lagging aggregate demand as well as the employment problems. A direct-job creation effort will work to create the differences in aggregate demand and effective demand creating equilibrium and filling the void that the current Keynesian fiscal policy leaves. Keynesian Ideas The origins of many ideas seen in fiscal policy come from John Maynard Keynes a revolutionary economist who tackled the idea of aggregated demand through Keynesian economics. Aggregate demand is the demand for gross domestic product or goods and services that the country has to offer. It is represented by the formula GDP=AD= C + I + GS+ X or (C) Consumption, (I) Investment, (GS) Government Spending, (X) Net exports. Fiscal policy in essence is using tactics such as government spending and tax cuts in order to affect the right side of this equation and increase aggregate demand. The general agreement across Keynesian theory is that boosting aggregate demand is the precise thing to do when facing an economy with lackluster growth and on the shores of recession. Leading up to most recessions there is a significant reduction in demand for goods and services offered in the country. This lower demand leads to inventory reductions, lower production levels, layoffs and increased unemployment. In order to stabilize the economy, th... ...y/jobless-rate-rose-to-73percent-during-government-shutdown-economy-added-204k-jobs/2013/11/08/f51fa1de-481f-11e3-b6f8-3782ff6cb769_story.html) National Economic Council. 2010, â€Å"Jobs and Economic Security For America’s Women.† October. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Jobs-and-Economic-Security-for-Americas-Women.pdf Plumer, Brad (2013). The U.S. labor force is still shrinking. Here’s why. Retreived from Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming. Tcherneva, Paulina. 2011. â€Å"Fiscal Policy Effectiveness: Lessons from the Great Recession.† Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Unemployment: Keynesian Ideas and Fiscal Policy Essay -- Economics, Un Fiscal policy, as we know it today, is meant to mitigate unemployment and stabilize the economy through aggregate demand. Despite dismal unemployment numbers, politicians and policy-makers continue to use and be optimistic about the effectiveness of fiscal policy in this regard. Policy as we have seen over the past five years has had dismal effect on the unemployment numbers we are seeing today. It seems we need a policy that will tackle lagging aggregate demand as well as the employment problems. A direct-job creation effort will work to create the differences in aggregate demand and effective demand creating equilibrium and filling the void that the current Keynesian fiscal policy leaves. Keynesian Ideas The origins of many ideas seen in fiscal policy come from John Maynard Keynes a revolutionary economist who tackled the idea of aggregated demand through Keynesian economics. Aggregate demand is the demand for gross domestic product or goods and services that the country has to offer. It is represented by the formula GDP=AD= C + I + GS+ X or (C) Consumption, (I) Investment, (GS) Government Spending, (X) Net exports. Fiscal policy in essence is using tactics such as government spending and tax cuts in order to affect the right side of this equation and increase aggregate demand. The general agreement across Keynesian theory is that boosting aggregate demand is the precise thing to do when facing an economy with lackluster growth and on the shores of recession. Leading up to most recessions there is a significant reduction in demand for goods and services offered in the country. This lower demand leads to inventory reductions, lower production levels, layoffs and increased unemployment. In order to stabilize the economy, th... ...y/jobless-rate-rose-to-73percent-during-government-shutdown-economy-added-204k-jobs/2013/11/08/f51fa1de-481f-11e3-b6f8-3782ff6cb769_story.html) National Economic Council. 2010, â€Å"Jobs and Economic Security For America’s Women.† October. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Jobs-and-Economic-Security-for-Americas-Women.pdf Plumer, Brad (2013). The U.S. labor force is still shrinking. Here’s why. Retreived from Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming. Tcherneva, Paulina. 2011. â€Å"Fiscal Policy Effectiveness: Lessons from the Great Recession.† Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

Belief, Pain and Healing

Pain is a complex concept. No single perspective can fully encapsulate or explain how pain is generated, perceived and healed or taken away. Though one would usually think of a wound or sickness with the issue of pain, pain does not simply take into consideration the body, its parts and processes. Anyone would be familiar with phrases like â€Å"mind over body† and like phrases which take more than the isolated view on pain. As an attempt to explain pain, Ronald Melzack and P. D.Wall proposed the gate control theory which aims to explain the perception of pain in the psychological sense. Malzack and Wall developed the gate control theory which hypothesized that â€Å"there are special nerves that carry intense sensation to the spinal column† (Friedman, 2002, p. 91). However, these sensations do not simply travel directly to the brain as there is a â€Å"gate† controlled by signals from the brain. Hence, thoughts and feelings have an effect on pain perception.Anot her concept that plays upon the phrase â€Å"mind over body† is that of the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect occurs when attention influences a certain situation regardless of other factors (Friedman, 2002, p. 85). This concept is important for doctor-patient interaction because despite few and ineffective forms of treatment, a patient may experience positive effects when an attending physician caters to him or her. Finally, there is the placebo effect.Shapiro defines a placebo as â€Å"any therapy that is without specific activity for the condition being treated† (as cited in Friedman, 2002, p. 85). A placebo’s effects may either be psychological or psychophysiological. Placebos work upon an assumed or believed effect on one’s physical state by the said placebo to condition the mind of the individual taking it. Reference: †¢ Friedman, H. (2002). Health Psychology. Chapter 4: Belief, Pain and Healing (p. 85, 91) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Satisfaction of Students Towards the Academic Library Facilities

1. 0 INTRODUCTION This section will discuss the background of the study, the statement of the problem, research question, research objective, methods used and the limitations of the research. 2. 1 Background Academic library is an important asset at Higher Level Institution because the library complements the need of students at Higher Level Institution. Malaysia nowadays encourages the citizen to pursue reading culture to gain more knowledge and information. University Technology Mara of Segamat, Johor have a high technology of library known as PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL (PTDI).As at PTDI, there are many facilities provided by the management in order to support students to get easier to get information. According to Longman Dictionary Contemporary English third edition, library refers to a room or building containing books that can be looked at or borrowed. A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books.In Malaysia, library already been implemented since years 1956 which first be established of Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. This library has been getting the permission by Public Library Services for the Federation of Malaya. This library has been getting the permission by Public Library Services for the Federation of Malaya. The significance of library is depends on the usage by the uses which is for education or just for entertainment to fill up the free time. The people are really like to spends time for reading will be request that the library is the most of peaceful place on earth and with the full of knowledge.Here are some points to highlight the important of library. Firstly it is inculcating the reading habits among children, teenagers and also adult. This is because library is the place for getting the new information otherwise to incr ease the knowledge not only for external usage but also internal understanding. Library is a place for learning experience especially for the children. By having a lots of type of book its can attract the children to continuing reading and the extensive genre of children’s literature is an essential part of the growing up process. Library is not only for students, users and lecturers only.Library also essential for community to be the mechanism to gain more information and resources of knowledge to be the knowledgeable citizen. Three main types of library described by The Indexer (2008) are public libraries, academic libraries and special libraries. In this report, we would like to ascertain the satisfaction of library usage in UiTM Segamat towards the academic library facilities. We can measure based on the satisfaction of the user based on the different perspective and dimension. 2. 2 Problem Statement PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL tends to be the leader of source of any infor mation.In achieving their target to they have to improve their customer satisfaction on facilities provided. Refer to the Mohammad A. Hassanain and Ali A. Mudhei (2006) the main purpose of conducting the assessment was to determine whether or not design decisions made by design professionals are providing the performance needed by users who use the facility. In UiTM Segamat, there are problems where space for students to reading is insufficient, lack of control for photocopier and printing machines, no twenty four hours room for staying up, no safety place for bags storage, and inadequate of toilets provided.The necessity on library to provide quality services is critical, based on their role to support university core business that is to produce great graduate which is needed by industry. The question is; did student obtain the quality that they must get? Other than that, what is their perception on library quality services provides as an important academic facility based on types of services? Is it low or more than their perception? Another thing, what is their satisfaction level on services quality at PTDI? 2. 3 Research Question 1. 3. 1How to determine the level of effectiveness facility in library? . 3. 2What are the stages of the students perception on services facility provided? 1. 3. 3What are needed to improve in term of element facility in library? 2. 4 Research Objective 1. 4. 1To determine the level of effectiveness facility in library 1. 4. 2To identify the student perception on services facility provided 1. 4. 3To measure what are need to improve in term of element facility in library 1. 5 Methodology In order to gather all the information, we are only distributing questionnaire and making interview in completing our research. . 5. 1 Questionnaires We had distributed around 60 sheets of questionnaire which were given to the UiTM Segamat students especially from Degree students. By using this method we can get all the information. 1. 5. 2 Discussi on Apart from that, we were also using the discussion method to seek for the information about this matter. 1. 5 Limitation of Study In order to proceed with this research, we will face with some of limitations : 1. 6. 3 Questionnaires We distribute 60 copies of questionnaires but somehow we just get 50 copies in return.Students do not have enough time to give cooperation to us to answer the questionnaires. Students also do not give a full of concentration during answer the questionnaires. 1. 6. 4 Data Analysis It is hard for us construct the data analysis such as the pie chart and the bar chart. 2. 0DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS In this section, we analyzing all the data and the finding will be report and will commence with level of effectiveness facility in library and we are using one of the types of data analysis which is descriptive analysis. This section will present the findings from the various resources that were used.The findings are divided into five section, which are demog raphic, level of satisfaction on library facilities, details of dissatisfaction towards library facilities provided, the elements that need to be improved and suggestion. In this research paper, we found the result of this research regarding satisfaction of students towards the academic library facilities in PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL. The dimension is only focusing on facilities only instead of services provided. Student’s perception is different each other and we conclude all the data analysis data using SPSS. 2. 1Data analysis using SPSS 2. 1. Section 1 : Demographic Figure 1 : Pie chart for gender Gender| Frequency| Male| 21| Female| 29| TOTAL| 50| Table 1 : Table for frequency of gender Data show that 42 percent of total number of students replied the questionnaire is male students and the rest about 58 percent is female. Female student responds more rather than male student for this survey Figure 2 : Pie chart for Age Age| Frequency| 21-25| 44| 26-30| 6| TOTAL| 50| Tabl e 2 : Table for frequency of age From the pie chart above, we can conclude that 88 percent of students who respond on this survey were at the range of age between 21 until 20 years old.Where the 12 percent left are for those respondents are that range of age between 26 until 30 years old. Figure 3 : Pie chart for status Status| Frequency| Single| 50| Married| 0| TOTAL| 50| Table 3 : Table for frequency of status Total 100 percent of the respondents are still single and not married yet. This is because there is only a little number of students that already. That is why the status of respondent is mainly single. Figure 4 : Pie chart for course Course| Frequency| Marketing| 10| Finance| 20| Islamic Banking| 10| Accounting| 10| TOTAL| 50| Table 4 : Table for frequency of courseFrom the pie chart and frequency table, we can describe that 20 percent are those for students from Marketing, 40 percent from Finance, 20 percent from Islamic Banking and other 20 percent of respondent is from Ac counting students. Figure 5 : Pie chart for part of students Part| Frequency| 1| 6| 3| 5| 4| 26| 5| 13| TOTAL| 50| Table 5 : Table for frequency of part Respondent are 12 percent come from the part 1, 10 percent part 3, 52 percent part 4 and other 26 percent from part 5. 2. 1. 2Section 2 : Level of satisfaction on library facilities Figure 6 : Bar chart for satisfaction of students Level| Frequency| Percent %|Very satisfied| 10| 20| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 15| 30| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 6 : Table for frequency of satisfaction of students 20% of the respondents are very satisfied with the facilities in library. 50% of respondent are somewhat satisfied with the facilities and 30% of the respondents are neutral. There is no number of students not satisfied with facilities in library in UiTM Segamat. Figure 7 : Bar chart for reference book Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 10| 20| Somewhat Satisfied| 28| 56| Dissatisfied| 12| 24| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100|Table 7 : Table for frequency of reference book 20 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the book provided by the library. 56 percent are somewhat satisfied and dissatisfied is about 24 percent. There is no very dissatisfaction of responding regarding the book. Figure 8 : Bar chart for library space Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 5| 10| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 20| 40| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 8 : Table for frequency of library space Based on data above, there are 10 percent of respondents are very satisfied with the space of library environment provided.They think the space can make the comfortable to study and reading. 50 percent of respondent are somewhat satisfied and 40 percent of respondents are dissatisfied. There is no very dissatisfaction regarding the space of library. Figure 9 : Bar chart for discussion room Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 5| 10| Somewhat Sat isfied| 30| 60| Dissatisfied| 14| 28| Very Dissatisfied| 1| 2| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 9 : Table for frequency of discussion room 10 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the discussion room availability. They think that the room are really suitable for manage group discussion. 0 percent of respondents are somewhat satisfied and 28 percent are dissatisfied. There is 2 percent of respondents are very dissatisfied with the discussion room. Figure 10 : Bar chart for the time period of 12 hours room Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 23| 46| Dissatisfied| 13| 26| Very Dissatisfied| 6| 12| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 10 : Table for frequency of the time period of 12 hours room Statistic shown that 16 percent are very satisfied with the time period of 12 hours room are really convenience. 46 percent of respondent are somewhat satisfied, 26 percent are dissatisfied.Unfortunately, there is 12 percent of respondent are very dissatisfied with the time . Figure 11 : Bar chart for printing and photocopy services Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 23| 46| Dissatisfied| 13| 26| Very Dissatisfied| 6| 12| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 11 : Table for frequency of printing and photocopy services 16 percent of respondents are very satisfied with the services of printing and photocopy that provided by library. 46 percent are somewhat satisfied, 26 percent are dissatisfied and 12 percent of respondents are very dissatisfied about the services.Figure 12 : Bar chart for satisfaction of toilet condition Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 12| 24| Very Dissatisfied| 5| 10| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 12 : Table for frequency of satisfaction towards toilets condition 16 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the condition of toilet. They think the condition is on the good manner. 50 percent are somewhat satisfied, 24 percent are dissatisfied and other 10 percent are very dissatisfied. Figure 13 : Bar chart for the function of CCTV Level| Frequency| Percent %|Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 17| 34| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 13 : Table for frequency the function of CCTV 16 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the function of CCTV in the library, 50 percent are somewhat satisfied and 34 percent are dissatisfied. There is no very dissatisfaction for CCTV usage. Figure 14 : Bar chart for safety of the bag shelf Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 0| 0| Somewhat Satisfied| 10| 20| Dissatisfied| 25| 50| Very Dissatisfied| 15| 30| TOTAL| 50| 100|Table 14 : Table for frequency satisfaction safety of bang shelf There is no respondents are very satisfied with the safety of bag shelf that provided by library, 20 percent are somewhat satisfied, 50 percent dissatisfied and other 30 percent are very dissatisfied. 2. 1. 3Section 3 : Details of Dissatisfaction Towards Libr ary Facilities Provided Figure 15 : Bar chart for satisfaction of reference books Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 3| 6| Agree| 30| 60| Slightly Disagree| 15| 30| Disagree| 12| 24| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 15 : Table for frequency of satisfaction sources of reference books percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the reference books are not suitable with the requirement of the study. 60 percent are agreed, 30 percent are slightly disagreeing and other 24 percent disagree. Figure 16 : Bar chart for the satisfaction of arrangement of single table Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 0| 0| Agree| 8| 16| Slightly Disagree| 32| 64| Disagree| 10| 20| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 16 : Table for frequency of satisfaction of arrangement of single table 16 percent of the students are agreeing that the arrangements of the single tables in the library are not suitable for revision. 4 percent slightly disagree and other 20 percent are disagreeing. Figure 17 : Bar chart for th e time period for usage of study rooms Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 9| 18| Agree| 18| 36| Slightly Disagree| 20| 40| Disagree| 3| 6| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 17 : Table for frequency of the time period for usage of study rooms 18 percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the 12 hours time period for usage of study room is insufficient, 36 percent are agree, 40 percent slightly disagree and other 6 percent are disagree. Figure 18 : Bar chart for the toilet satisfaction Level| Frequency| Percent %|Strongly Agree| 2| 4| Agree| 32| 64| Slightly Disagree| 8| 16| Disagree| 8| 16| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 18 : Table for the frequency of the satisfaction of toilets 4 percent of the student strongly agree with toilet are always under maintenances services, 64 percent agree and 16 percent respondent slightly disagree and disagree with the maintenance of the toilets. Figure 19 : Bar Chart for the printing and photocopy Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 10| 20| Agr ee| 15| 30| Slightly Disagree| 6| 12| Disagree| 19| 38| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 19 : Table for the frequency of printing and photocopy 0 percent of the respondent are strongly agree that the number printing and photocopy machine are insufficient, 30 percent agree, 12 percent slightly disagree and other 38 percent disagree. Figure 20 : bar chart for place of the bag shelves Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 21| 42| Agree| 20| 40| Slightly Disagree| 9| 18| Disagree| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 20 : Table for the frequency of the bag shelves 42 percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the safety shelves lack in security and safety, 40 percent agree and other 18 percent slightly disagree.Figure 21 : Bar chart for the electricity points Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 12| 24| Agree| 25| 50| Slightly Disagree| 5| 10| Disagree| 8| 16| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 21 : Table for the frequency of the electricity points 24 percent of the respondents are strongly agree that the number of electricity points in the library are not enough based on the usage of students towards it. 50 percent agree, 10 percent slightly disagree and other 16 percent are disagree. 2. 1. 4Section 4 : The Elements That Need to be Improved Figure 22 : Pie Chart for upgrading chairs Gender| Frequency|Yes| 20| No| 30| TOTAL| 50| Table 22 : Table for frequency of upgrading chairs 60 percent of the respondents are agreeing that the library should add more chairs and table availability, 40 percent of respondents are not agreeing. Figure 23 : Pie chart for the additional electricity points Gender| Frequency| Yes| 33| No| 17| TOTAL| 50| Table 23 : Table for the frequency of the additional electricity points 66 percent of the respondents are agreeing to add more the electricity points at the library because it is not sufficient. 34 percent are not agreeing to add electricity points.Figure 24 : Pie chart for the space available for 12 hours room Gender| Frequency| Yes| 37| No| 13| TOTAL| 50| Table 24 : Table for the frequency of the space available for 12 hours room Data above show that 74 percent from the respondent agree that the library should provide more space available for 12 hours room and other 26 percent not agree. Figure 25 : Pie chart for the toilet condition Gender| Frequency| Yes| 18| No| 32| TOTAL| 50| Table 25 : Table for the frequency of toilet condition 18 percent of the respondent agreeing that the toilet should be improve and other 64 percent said that the toilet in good condition.Figure 26 : Pie chart for safety bag shelves Gender| Frequency| Yes| 48| No| 4| TOTAL| 50| Table 26 : Table for the frequency of the safety bag shelves 96 percent of the respondent agreeing that the safety bag shelves should be improves and other 8 percent are disagreeing. Figure 27 : Bar chart for the improvement of CCTV Gender| Frequency| Yes| 20| No| 30| TOTAL| 50| Table 27 : Table for the frequency of improvement CCTV 40 percent of the respondents are agreein g to improve the use of CCTV in the library. 60 percent of them are disagreeing to improve because they think the facilities are accurateFigure 28 : Pie chart for the photocopy machines and printers Gender| Frequency| Yes| 44| No| 6| TOTAL| 50| Table 28 : Table for the frequency of the photocopy machines and printers 88 percent of the respondents are agreeing the photocopy machine and printers should be improved and 12 percent are disagreeing. 2. 1Discussion Based on the data analysis and the finding, we also include all the opinion of the respondents as for their feedback regarding the questionnaire researching about the level of satisfaction towards library facilities.After doing this research, we found that some students are not satisfied with the library facilities. They want more such as want more space area in library, asking UITM management to improve the wireless in the library, put more computer as the students are many, increase the student safety things, improvement of th e toilet also, and they prefer want have a good network during office hours. All these opinions from their feedback show us that there’s more action needs to take place for achieved the level of satisfaction towards library facilities.In order to improve more the services in library, all the facilities provided are playing the role. It is because without the good facilities, how the library wants to offer a good service? Which mean the facilities are related with the services that the library offer. Some of the respondents are giving a good feedback but some are not. They believe that all the library facilities are need to be improve more in order to attract more student’s to come the library. It is because some student’s doesn’t like to come to the library because not satisfied with the facilities were provided.They feel uncomfortable and sometimes they felt that they prefer want study at room or their own places. 3. 0CONCLUSION Based on the data analysi s and findings, we discover that the level of satisfaction towards library facilities are not achieved a good level. Some of the respondents are giving a good feedback but some are not. They believe that all the library facilities are need to be improve more in order to attract more student’s to come the library. It is because some student’s doesn’t like to come to the library because not satisfied with the facilities were provided.They feel uncomfortable and sometimes they felt that they prefer want study at room or their own places. 4. 0RECOMENDATIONS Refer to the our research, we have been implemented to search what the elements or factors that need to be improve in term of the facilities at the PERPUSTAKAAN TUN DR ISMAIL. What we have been look into at this library, the things that need to seriously improvise are increase the availability of the chairs and table. This is because, the chairs and tables for the student to study are not supported with the numbe rs of student in the UiTM.Most of the student need to wait for their turn to study or to get resources, this is because the there has no place for them to sit while getting the information needed. So, by this the management needs to provide more chairs and tables for make any back up if there a lot number of students want to study at the library. Other than that, the facilities that need to be improve is on the providing additional number if plug accessibility. Based on what we see, most of the student will bring along their laptop to study at libraries.This is because of the wireless system are provided and easy for them to get through of information or data during the study session. But the problems occur when the availability of plug are limited and they have to get turn to using the plug for charging their battery. Some of the students are like to spend their time in library for making assignment, research or to get information in library. So with the limited number of plug it b ecome as a barriers to them for staying at the library for the long period of time. Moreover, the elements that need to improvise are provides more space for 12hours room.The availability of that room now, it cannot be vital with the student requirement. This is because, they need more space for study in that particular room. With the limited space which only can provide for less than 30 persons in that room makes the study for environment are not comfortable otherwise the space are very small and it is not suitable. So, the management needs to make up the space to become more relevant and also can support more students to using that room more effectively. Other than that, the management of library needs to manage the toilet condition.This is because, when the students want to use the toilet, they need to go down stairs and go to the toilet at the entrance of PTDI library. This is because, toilet which in the library is always under the maintenance and it is not properly for the acc essibility of toilet is not capable with not only for the student but also for the other users that come to our library. Therefore, increase in safety of beg shelf. At PTDI the safety of the bag are under the obligation of the students itself, but the place stated for the beg shelf are not suitable this is because it is located outside from the library and there is no lock provided.Although, the safety of the bag under the students itself, the librarian have to provide a proper place for the beg shelf in the meanwhile it can reduce of the pilferage cases. Next is improvement on using the closed-circuit television (CCTV). By having this system, the cases of lost of books, vandalism, students bad attitude and so on can be reducing although it cannot be fully eliminate. Otherwise is providing the room for pray. As we know, majority of the students in UiTM is the Muslim students, it is necessary for providing the space for praying. Moreover is, prerequisite more on photocopy machine and printer availability.What we have been look that, the photocopy machine are always cannot be used because of the breakdown and the machine are only two been provided. So, the management needs to provide more machines for the usage of students and its same goes to printer services. References Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th edt. ). (2003). Harlow, England: Longman Ruin, J. E. (2008). Business planning and report writing. Petaling Jaya: Leeds Publications. Choo, A. F. W & Onn, C. T. (2012). Easy steps to report writing new revised edition. Marshall Lavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. Appendix

Line Item Veto and Why Presidents Still Cannot Do It

Line Item Veto and Why Presidents Still Cannot Do It In the United States government, the line-item veto is the right of the chief executive to nullify or cancel individual provisions bills- usually budget appropriations bills- without vetoing the entire bill. Like regular vetoes, line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of being overridden by the legislative body. While many state governors have line-item veto power, the President of the United States does not. The line item veto is exactly what you might do when your grocery tab runs to $20.00, but you only have $15.00 on you. Instead of adding to your total debt by paying with a credit card, you put back $5.00 worth of items you don’t really need. The line item veto - the power to not buy unneeded items - is a power U.S. presidents have long wanted but have just as long been denied. The line-item veto, sometimes called the partial veto, is a type of veto that would give the President of the United States the power to cancel an individual provision or provisions - line-items - in spending, or appropriations bills, without vetoing the entire bill. Like traditional presidential vetoes, a line-item veto could be overridden by Congress. Line Item Veto Pros and Cons Proponents of the line-item veto argue that it would allow the president to cut wasteful pork barrel or earmark spending from the federal budget.Opponents argue that it would continue a trend of increasing the power of the executive branch of government at the expense of the legislative branch. Opponents also argue, and the Supreme Court has agreed, that the line-item veto is unconstitutional. In addition, they say it would not reduce wasteful spending and could even make it worse. History of the Line-Item Veto Virtually every president since Ulysses S. Grant has asked Congress for line-veto power. President Clinton actually got but did not keep it long.On April 9, 1996, former President Bill Clinton signed the 1996 Line Item Veto Act, which had been championed through Congress by Senators Bob Dole (R-Kansas), and John McCain (R-Arizona), with the support of several Democrats. On August 11, 1997, President Clinton used the line-item veto for the first time to cut three measures from an expansive spending and taxation bill. At the bills signing ceremony, Clinton declared the selective veto a cost-cutting breakthrough and a victory over Washington lobbyists and special interest groups. From now on, presidents will be able to say no to wasteful spending or tax loopholes, even as they say yes to vital legislation, said President Clinton. But, from now on wasnt for long at all. Clinton used the line-item veto two more times in 1997, cutting one measure from the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and two provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. Almost immediately, groups aggrieved by the action, including the City of New York, challenged the line-item veto law in court. On February 12, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia declared the 1996 Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional, and the Clinton administration appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. In a 6-3 ruling issued on June 25, 1998, the Supreme Court, in the case of Clinton v. City of New York upheld the District Courts decision, overturning the 1996 Line Item Veto Act as a violation of the Presentment Clause, (Article I, Section 7), of the U.S. Constitution. By the time the Supreme Court took the power away from him, President Clinton has used the line-item veto to cut 82 items from 11 spending bills. While Congress overrode 38 of Clintons line-item vetoes, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the 44 line-item vetoes that stood saved the government almost $2 billion. Why is the Line-Item Veto Unconstitutional? The Constitutions Presentment Clause cited by the Supreme Court spells out the basic legislative process by declaring that any bill, before being presented to the president for his or her signature, must have been passed by both the Senate and the House. In using the line-item veto to delete individual measures, the president is actually amending bills, a legislative power granted exclusively to Congress by the Constitution. In the courts majority opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote: there is no provision in the Constitution that authorizes the president to enact, to amend or to repeal statutes. The court also held that the line-item veto violated the principles of the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the federal government. In his concurring opinion, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote that the undeniable effects of the line-item veto were to enhance the Presidents power to reward one group and punish another, to help one set of taxpayers and hurt another, to favor one State and ignore another. Congressmen and Senators Object to Line-Item Veto Historically, most members of the U.S. Congress have opposed a constitutional amendment granting the president a permanent line-item veto. Lawmakers rightfully fear the power would enable the president to veto their earmark or â€Å"pork barrel† projects they have traditionally added to the appropriations bills of the annual federal budget. In this manner, the president could use the line-item veto to punish members of Congress who have opposed his or her policy, thus bypassing the separation of powers between the Executive and Legislative branches of the federal government.

Punctuating Complex Sentences

Punctuating Complex Sentences Punctuating Complex Sentences Punctuating Complex Sentences By Mark Nichol Writers often overpunctuate long, involved sentences by fortifying them with the â€Å"supercomma† variety of semicolons in place of commas. Sometimes, a better solution is to break the sentence into shorter, more easily digestible servings, but often, the sentence is navigable when mere commas set off the statement’s elements- and sometimes the syntax requires commas and prohibits semicolons. (See the first paragraph of this post for a refresher about the two nearly distinct functions of a semicolon, and read this overview of the punctuation mark’s roles.) Consider the following sentence: â€Å"Decisions to decrease inventory levels; maintain a sole†source or single†source strategic supplier in any country of the world; and adopt just†in†time manufacturing and delivery techniques versus higher inventory levels, multiple suppliers, and other buffers in the process involve trade†off decisions where quality, time, and cost considerations often win out over business-continuity considerations.† Here, semicolons are inappropriate because using them isolates the predicate (the part of the sentence beginning with involve) so that it appears to apply only to the third item in the list rather than to all items. (This is because a supercomma semicolon partly incorporates the role of a weak-period semicolon, in that it nearly grammatically sequesters whatever it sets off.) The sentence is sufficiently punctuated as shown here: â€Å"Decisions to decrease inventory levels, maintain a sole†source or single†source strategic supplier in any country of the world, and adopt just†in†time manufacturing and delivery techniques versus higher inventory levels, multiple suppliers, and other buffers in the process involve trade†off decisions where quality, time, and cost considerations often win out over business-continuity considerations.† An alternative that somewhat eases the onslaught of comma-laden word groupings is â€Å"The following factors involve trade†off decisions where quality, time, and cost considerations often win out over business-continuity considerations: Decisions to decrease inventory levels, maintain a sole†source or single†source strategic supplier in any country of the world, and adopt just†in†time manufacturing and delivery techniques versus higher inventory levels, multiple suppliers, and other buffers in the process.† (Even though the last item itself includes several subitems, which seemingly necessitates the use of supercomma semicolons, the presence of a verb in each item- and the fact that it is the final item- effectively distinguishes the items so that commas are sufficient.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-Efficient3 Types of HeadingsHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Religious Experiences and Text, Critical Analysis of Mark 10 4256 Essay

Religious Experiences and Text, Critical Analysis of Mark 10 4256 using Text Foccus Narrative Method - Essay Example Everything claimed has been inferred and interpreted by comparing what we know of the early Christian communities generally against the text itself. There are, however, broad lines of agreement on quite a few matters based upon clues found both in the text and in references to this gospel found in other exists. But undoubtedly, Mark is evidently true, being included in the most authoritative fourth-century early manuscripts (Codex Vaticanus) ( The World Book Encyclopedia , 1989). Before I go into the critical analysis of this particular passage, I will be discussing the method employed by this narrative. First, we must keep in mind that any literary analysis requires a concrete understanding of the genre it belongs to. The genre of gospels is one of the most difficult to interpret because almost all text represents both a literal and a spiritual meaning (Telford, W.R. 1995). Some gospels such as this one written by Mark, are intended to be read aloud as in a church sermon, rather than carefully studied in written form like a philosophy text ( Malbon, E. S. ,2002). This makes interpretation difficult because Biblical analyses are usually done by using written texts and typically attempt to identify large patterns of structure. For a text that is meant to be read aloud, however, what matters most are the connections that listeners make from one passage to the next. The material found in the texts of Mark must have been passed down, retold, and rearranged by mu ltiple people, but in the end someone put it into a final written form, something close to what we currently have, which bears the imprint of their own legacy skills. The author of Mark likes to use rhetorical devices, for example, repetition to highlight important ideas and a "sandwiching" technique that interweaves two different stories together in a manner that allows each to interpret and explain the other. This sandwiching technique is also called inclusion. There were two stories of healing the blind in Mark, the other story is in Mk 8:22-27. (Musso, A, Chapter 9, pg 2-3). The Gospel of Mark utilises the narrative style or method, if it will be studied according to the methods of literary critics. The narrative style or text consist of three elements namely, plot, setting, and the characters. These elements formed the basis of the narrative style of writing. In analyzing the passage of Mark 10:46-52, the plot of the story goes around a blind man named Bartimaues whose sight had been restored because of his faith. Characters in the passage includes Bartimaeus, the blind beggar, Jesus Christ who restored his sight, and the crowd present who try to silence Bartimaeus when he shouted for mercy so that Jesus would notice him. The setting of the story was a very public place in outskirt of Jericho, a town close in Jewish territory. (Musso, A, Chapter 8, pg 1, 9). Ultimately, though Mark represents the introduction of a new type of literature because nothing quite like it can be identified before early Christianity (Telford, W.R. 1995). It is very different from the collections of sayings or proverbs that can be found in other early Christian literature. Also, Mark is not meant to be a historical record of past events; instead, it is a series of events - structured in a manner to serve specific biblical goals and

English composition Writing Skills and Techniques db 1 Essay

English composition Writing Skills and Techniques db 1 - Essay Example This point will also address why police officer consider areas outside major urban areas as safe havens. I will also address the effects of police misconduct to both the police force and the public. Finally, I will address the future of the police force in relation to the ongoing misconduct. In this juncture, I will tackle possible consequences to the police force and relevant reforms that needs to be made in order to create a balanced police force in the United States. The purpose of this essay will depend on the interest of the reader or audience. Firstly, the essay will be an informative essay. This is because it will inform the public and relevant authorities that, police misconduct is rife despite the cover-up measures taken to conceal information. Secondly, the essay will act as a cause an effect essay since it will analyze factors that promote police misconduct and the resultant consequences (Silverman, 2009). Analyzing the cause and effects of the problem will be aimed at finding solution for the

Apple Financial Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Financial Accounting - Case Study Example Paragraph no. 6 of Statement of financial Reporting Standards no. 48 states the criteria for recognizing revenue when right of return exists states that all the following exists: a) The seller's price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, b) The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, c) The buyer's obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, d) The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller, e) The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer, f) The amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated. This standard further states that the related sales and cost of sales not recognized at the time of the sale shall be recognized either when the return privilege has substantially or if those conditions are met whichever arrives first1. Further, the MacObserver article dated April 22, 2004 entitled TMO Reports - Apple Shareholder Meeting: Board of Directors & Auditors, In; Exec Salary Cap, Out(Chaffin, 1) stated that Apple Inc. retained its current external auditors, KPMG for the year 2004. This shows that the external auditors and Apple had complied with the engagement conditions established by both parties. In addition, KPMG continues to do other non -auditing jobs for Apple, Inc. KPMG continues its management advisory services and other related accounting services to Apple. This only shows that the client - auditor relationship between Apple, Inc. and KPMG is beneficial to both parties2. II. Bring summary of the firm chosen. Apple computers was founded by Steve Jobs. He had worked hard to produce a product that tower over its competitors in the computer industry. He wanted to invent an insanely great computer. Apple computers were then born. It continued to make revolutionary advances by introducing newer and better products. Apple is popularly known for introducing the first personal digital assistant called Newton. Its failure was successfully replaced by the Palm Pilot. This was an instant hit to the general public. Likewise, another Apple product, Mac, was also a very profitable success. The Mac clearly overpowered its competition in the computer market segment3. Currently, the company has been generating net profits amounting to $3,496 million as of October 2007. Likewise, the company generated net income amounting to a lesser $1,989 for the year October 20064. Apple has many strategies implemented to maintain its lead in the computer sales segment. The company even offers low monthly payments, defe rral of principal amounts due and other special offers to increase its sales and offers to keep its top spot in the computer world. The company also offers lease programs for people who cannot yet pay cash up front5. III. Subsections a. How does the firm classify and account for the rule Apple, Inc., is firm in its stand to classify and account for revenues in accordance with statement of financial accounting standards no. 48. One logical reason for this is that that external auditors, KMPG, would not back out from their yearly audit

History of the Palestinian Conflict

History of the Palestinian Conflict In order to have a thorough understanding of the Palestinian problem, events in the early 20th century, prior to 1948 (Israeli independence) should be closely examined and understood. Many historians mark the first act which led to the Palestinian problem as the Balfour Declaration in 1917. There, it was announced that Britain shall support in the goals of Zionists, and therein strive to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine, His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people[1]. With Jewish spirits high all over the Jewish Diaspora, the third Aliyah (influx of Jews to Palestine) took place in 1919[2]. The number of Jews gradually increased in Palestine, and by 1947, the 11% population of Jews increased to a healthy 33%[3]. The immediate cause of the Palestinian problem is often dated to November 29th 1947, on which the UN announced that the British Mandate of Palestine would be divided into separate Arab and Jewish states[4]. The decree sparked great outrage from Arab nations, but was a warmly welcomed decision from the Jews and other European and North American States. Two pinnacle wars then followed which would directly influence into the Palestinian problem. The Civil War first took place as an immediate reaction eleven days after the UNs declaration. Jewish victory then led war lead to two events: the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May the 14th 1948 and the beginning of An-Nakabah, the Palestinian Exodus. In first phase of the Palestinian Exodus, 125,000 were evicted or fled from their homes, and were prevented from returning[5]. The second war that followed was the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. In this war, Israel was to face a grand Arab coalition which denounced its independence. A decisive Israeli victory, and a disastrous Arab defeat increased the final number of the Palestinian exodus to a staggering 750 000 Palestinians. By the middle of the 20th century, State of Israel was firmly established upon the former Palestinian territories, and many Palestinian settlements were either depopulated or destroyed. Hence, the Palestinian problem was herein created; an issue of Palestinians, their state, homeland, refugees, and also Palestinian-Israeli co-existence in Palestine and the stance of Jerusalem, is all to exist until this very day. Yasser Arafat and the Creation of Fatah: Born on 24 August 1929, in Cairo, Egypt, Yasser Arafat was the son of Palestinian parent[6]. During the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1948, he went to Palestine to join the fighting. His role in the Palestinian problem begins early on in his political life when in 1958, Arafat, with a number of his Palestinian colleagues in Kuwait, corroborated and formed the militant group Fatah. The group was dedicated to liberate Palestine by Palestinians with a means of force. The idea was to eliminate Zionist Israel re-establish Palestinian homeland and resolve the Palestinian problem. Until this very day, Fatahs main goal is, complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist economic, political, military and cultural existence.[7] A Means of Force, to Settle to Problem: The Rise of Fatah, the PLO and the 70s: In the Six Day War, Fatah did play a small role in the fighting against the Israel. The humiliating Arab defeat further broke Arab morale especially that of the Palestinians who consequently lost trust in the united Arab resolution. But Fatah was to have its first main military encounter with Israel in the Battle of Karameh on March 21st 1968. With Fatah growing in stature, organised raid were conducted against Israeli settlements. Israels retaliation was to raid the Jordanian city of Karameh, a newly made stronghold for Fatah[8]. Though the battle was a military victory for Israel, it was seen as a somewhat physiological victory for Fatah. Abdallah Frangi (a Palestinian leader at the time) labelled it the political and military turning point in the Palestinian resistance, especially for Fatah.[9] Arab support was rallied behind the group, and Arafat was able to garner a number of Palestinian recruits for his group. Fatah was inducted into the PLO in 1967, and in 1969, Yasser Arafat became chairman of the PLO. Arafat transformed the organisation into becoming a strong independent organisation intended to make Palestinian appeals be heard by the world[10]. He therein became the ultimate leader of the Palestinian resurgence. By 1970, Yasser Arafat was deeply engaging in his arms resolution of the Palestinian problem. Raids into Israeli territories were organised regularly and Fatah was became an increased threat to Israel. In Arafats and Fatahs prime years of the 70s, both the PLO and Mossad (The Israeli Intelligence Agency) engaged in terrorist style warfare against each other. The Mossads known for several key assassinations, such as that of Ghassan Kanafani [11], (writer and spokesman for the Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine, considered the second largest group in the PLO after Fatah) and Dr Wadie Haddad[12] (leader of the PFLP.) For the PLO, the Fatah group, Black September were one of the key groups engaging in such activities[13]. One of the most famous works of Black September was the abduction and assassination of 11 Israeli athletes in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games[14]. Though Arafat has never been proven to be part of the attacks, Israeli and American authorities often associate him to them. Analysis of Arafats Forceful Resolve: A number of western sources agree that Yasser Arafat tried to resolve the Palestinian problem through a means of terrorism. Its stated that he saw in terrorism, not of the horrific murders, but rather a means of gaining recognition for Palestine and Palestinian struggle. Barry and Judith Rubin, authors of Yasser Arafat: A Political Biography state, He had seen how it [terrorism] mobilized Palestinian and Arab support for the PLO; raised the Palestine issues international priority; prevented other Arab states from negotiating peace with Israel, and made many western leaders eager to appease him.[15] Often using the Fatah subgroup, Black September, there are claims that Arafat often approved operations and stemmed funds to them[16]. The argument also states that Arafat consistently throughout his life would deny such acts, thereby having a remarkable ability to escape responsibility for the terrorism he committed.[17] These views clearly classify Arafats armed approach in dealing with the Palestinian problem as acts of terrorism. They proclaim that Arafat, as a terrorist, used fear antic to drive his goal of dealing with the Palestinian struggle. The alternative view, in that Arafat was a freedom fighter is believed by many other historians and writers. Its a stance expressed by one of the closest people to Arafat, Bassam Abu Sharif (Senior Advisor to Yasser Arafat.) In his book, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, he states, In my opinion, people in the west saw Arafat through the negative propaganda which rather painted Arafat as a terrorist, rather than a freedom fighter[18]. With the Palestinian problem ignored early on by many western countries[19], it indeed was Arafat who rather globalised the issue, made it a phenomenon everyone needed to solve. This is seen to make Arafats armed role in dealing with the Palestinian problem a pivotal one. These arguments also highlight Arafat as being the sole power in the Palestinian revival following the Six Day War, It was in these disheartening circumstances that the Palestinian revival began. There was little doubt that Arafats was the decisive voice[20]. Also, those which Arafat commanded are perceived as freedom fighters by some, Yasser Arafat, who had emerged as a significant figure in the Palestinian struggle for liberation, recruited young people to the resistance movement. In 1970, Palestinian freedom fighters took control of the Gaza Strip Yasser Arafat hence provided Palestinian revitalisation in the Palestinian problem, hereby making his armed role an extremely important one. As quoted by Stephen Howe, Without the Arafat of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, there might well not have been a Palestinian national movement at all. Evaluation: Surely, Arafats armed solution is interpreted differently by different cultures and people. Arafats emergence was in bloody early days of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, a time when sympathy of Palestinians and their struggle was widespread in the Muslim world whereas backing and support was provided to Israel by many western states. This makes the Palestinian debate a 2 sided debate, and consequently, an evaluation of Arafat is often affected by emotion and bias by the opposing parties. Arafats armed resolution of the Palestinian problem isnt a clear cut issue of neither terrorism nor political fanaticism. Two issues must be understood to drive this point; firstly, Arafats activities as a militant rather than a terrorist. An analysis of Yasser Arafats activates prove that he rather was present and an active member in raids and attacks against the Israeli army and troops and rather not in the alleged terrorist attacks of the PLO. Also, since he never was proven to be a terrorist, it can never be claimed he was indeed a terrorist. Secondly, a distinction must be made between the activates of Arafat and those of his bodyguards and Fatah colleagues. Often, the actions of both are confused, and when an attack by Fatah insurgents is carried of, its often stated that Arafat himself was part of then. Its true that Yasser Arafats role as leader of Palestinian spurred some to extremism, but it must be understood, though his Fatah colleagues did engaged in terrorism, he didnt. Yasser Arafat armed role in dealing with the Palestine problem should not be seen as of radicalism or extremism in thought and intent. Arafats armed struggle, though did not solve the issue, did in fact bring some results. His armed struggle brought a resurgence of the people of Palestine. With the united Arab response being habitually useless (by constant Arab defeat and loss to Israel,) only a Palestinian response seemed to solution. This but rather needed the revival of the Palestinian hope, which was severely crushed by the mid 1960 (especially with the loss of Jerusalem.) Though ludicrous it may sound, Palestinian revitalisation would not have occurred through peaceful means. The reason for this was that Palestinians where irritated and demoralised by the constant disappointment in the outcomes of Arab negotiations concerning their struggle. A symbol of an armed struggle would only then revitalise these frustrated Palestinians. With the creation of Fatah, (to liberate Palestine by Palestinians) Arafats armed struggle brought this Palestinian resurgence. Arafat also united the Palestinian people, under his armed struggle, a strong step in dealing with the Palestinian problem. In essence, hadnt this revitalisation occurred, the State of Palestine would not have been created, and future talks of peace and co-existence would not have occurred. But it should be clearly understood, that Arafat did not achieve his intended aim in his armed approach. A Peaceful Resolve for the Palestinian Problem: A Change in Contention, Olso and Camp David: In 1974, the PLO executive committee including Arafat drew up The Ten Point Program[21]. By many, is considered as the first peaceful initiative taken by Arafat to resolve the Palestinian Problem. It was a decree calling for Israel to return back liberated[22] Palestinian lands. The declaration wasnt one of change in direction, though was unique in that it did show Arafat to have a way of dealing with the problem through negotiations. The Ten Point Program was to be followed by more years of violence. After years of unrest with the rise of the terrorist group Hamas and notably the coming into being of First Intifada (which Arafat associated himself to); on the 13th and 14th of December 1988, Arafat announces a change of thought. He formally recognised the State of Israel, renounced terrorism, and revealed intentions of seeking peaceful negotiations in managing the Palestinian problem[23]. A month earlier, the Palestinian National Council (led by Arafat) announces and proclaims The Palestinian Declaration of Independence[24]. It was a new direction for Arafat in settling the Palestinian problem. In 1993 marks a historical event in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, as the first direct talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders took place in Oslo, Norway. The talks were very secretive, with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabik with their top ministers negotiating in terms to co-exist peacefully. Issues such as the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian territories, Palestinian elections, economic cooperation and regional development were all discussed. Both parties agreed on the status of each, the rights of each other, and their intentions to co-exist. With the help of the Clinton government, on 13th of September 1993, the Oslo Accord was signed. It was thought to be the basis of all future talks between both. In 2000, continuing talks took place between Israel and Palestine at Camp David, in order to finalise the conditions of the Oslo Accord[25]. The talks were to therein define the boundaries of Israel and Palestine. The status of Jerusalem (a key aspect of the Palestinian problem) was the hindrance point in the talks. In regards to the possession of Jerusalem, both parties were unable to agree on a compromise, hence making the Camp David talks a failure. Analysis of Arafats Peaceful Resolve: Arafats change in approach in dealing with the Palestinian approach (i.e. seeking peaceful measures) has often incurred various interpretations. One particular arguement is that Arafat changed his strategy of armed approach to a peaceful one in order to fool others and drive his own agenda of securing Palestinian homeland. It was a typical Arafat style solution. By being so ambiguous about his methods and goals, Arafat could hope to convince the west that he was ready for peace and convince his own colleagues that he was determined to continue the struggle[26]. These views hereby make Arafats change in approach a somewhat deceitful trick that rather had true initiative. A different viewpoint states that Arafat was rather pressured by Israeli and American officials to denounce an armed approach and terrorism[27]. Throughout the Oslo Accords, its stated that Arafat was the weaker party, and that he was rather accepted terms and condition which Israel modelled[28]. This argument thereby makes Arafats peaceful resolution of the Palestinian problem not an intuitive of his, but rather a pressure he had to comply with. In regards to the Camp David Summit, a many historians believed it was doomed to fail. Kamrava argues that both parties thought they were giving up more to the other, while the other wasnt being reasonable[29] in their compromise[30].Hence, in dealing with the most controversial issue of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the issue of Jerusalem, there was never to be an agreement. Hence, Arafats peaceful resolve of the Palestinian problem was always doomed to fail. Nevertheless, there are others, such as Bassim Abu Sherif, who says that the new peace path was rather genuine and promising. He claims though the US authorities did put down demands for Yasser Arafat, Arafat rather wanted his announcement to first be supported by for the PLO and Palestinians, then flexible to US demands, It was clear that Arafat wanted to be flexible enough to meet American demands, but he also wanted to make sure that he had the approval of the majority of the PLO executive committee to preserve the democracy of the decision making process of the PLO.[31] It was clear that Arafat was aware that by this time, both he and Palestinians were exhausted from fighting. Hence, this different approach in dealing with the Palestinian struggle might be interpreted as a new path, thereby creating new opportunities in dealing with the Palestinian problem. Evaluation: Arafats change in means resolving the Palestinian problem is also an issue of debate. The question of why change in direction and whether it was genuine is truly the discussion. But a deduction of Arafats activities brings an understanding of genuinity. Hence, his role in trying to resolve the Palestinian problem is herein magnified by his actions of this new resolve. Its evident that with years of unrest and the lack of advancement in resolving the Palestinian problem, Arafat needed to find a new resolve. He needed to settle the Palestinian crisis that now nearly turned into internal feuding. So, by understanding this dire need of change, it must be clear that he, Arafat, chose to change the idea of an armed struggle. It seems that he neither needed the pressure of Israel or the U.S. but rather chose to do it because of situation of the Palestinian people. Hence, it makes the resolution a genuine on Arafats part. Therefore, we see in Arafats change in thought his striving quest of solving the Palestinian problem. Arafats role in dealing with the Palestinian problem could further be evaluated by his actions at Oslo and Camp David. First of all, he dealt with the issue of Palestinian homeland in Palestine with the Oslo Accord. In this regard, Arafat failed to clearly resolve the issue, due to the vagueness of the matter he agreed on. This leads to the next issue of Jerusalem. Arafats Oslo agreements failure is exacerbated by the fact that the continuation of Oslo, (Camp David) broke down with the issue of Jerusalem. This issue of Israeli-Palestinian co-existence was spoken of the most in both talks, but without decisively dealing with this tension point issues, Arafat was doomed to fail. Hence, though Arafat tried to drive and resolve the Palestinian problem peacefully, he achieve no more than his armed resolution. Bibliography: Books: Lukacs, Yehuda, 1992, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict a documentary record 1967-1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Barry Rubin Judith Colp Rubin, 2003, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Bassam Abu Sharif, 2009, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. T.G. Fraser, 2008, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Brown, Nathan. J, 2003, Palestinian Politics after the Oslo Accord: Arab Palestine, University of Californian Press, London, England. Dan Cohn-Sherbok Dawoud El-Alami (eds), 2008, The Palestine-Israeli Conflict, Oneworld Publication, Oxford, England. Mehran Kamrava, 2005, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England. Mark Tesseler, 1994, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, Journals: Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987),University of California Press. Websites: UN Partition Plan, 2001, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm Yasser Arafat, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Timeline: Yasser Arafat, 2004, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4004859.stm Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html Muin Rabbani, 2000, Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography of Gassan Kanafani, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story168.html Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book, 2006, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r Terrorist Organisation Profile: Black September,2007, University of Maryland, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=153 Arafat at the UN general Assembly, 2009, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal5.htm Prof. Francis A. Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php The Balfour Declaration, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm Fateh Constitution, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm The Balfour Decleration, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Third Aliyah, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Third_Aliyah.html The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm UN Partition Plan, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987), pp. 3-26,University of California Press. Yasser Arafat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Fateh Constitution, http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 Mark Tesseler, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, 1994, pg. 425 Ibid, pg.426 Yasser Arafat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Muin Rabbani, 2000, Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography of Gassan Kanafani, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story168.html Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book, 2006, http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r. Terrorist Organisation Profile: Black September, 2007, University of Maryland http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=153 ibid Barry Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York, 2003, pg.61 Ibid, pg.61 Ibid, pg.63 Bassam Abu Sharif, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, pg. T.G. Fraser, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008, pg.57 Ibid, pg.88 Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974, http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html ibid Arafat at the UN general Assembly, 2009, http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal5.htm Prof. Francis A. Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, http://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm Rubin, op.cit., pg.113 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England, 2005, pg. 243-244 Ibid, pg.248 ibid Abu Sharif, op.cit., pg.183 History of the Palestinian Conflict History of the Palestinian Conflict In order to have a thorough understanding of the Palestinian problem, events in the early 20th century, prior to 1948 (Israeli independence) should be closely examined and understood. Many historians mark the first act which led to the Palestinian problem as the Balfour Declaration in 1917. There, it was announced that Britain shall support in the goals of Zionists, and therein strive to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine, His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people[1]. With Jewish spirits high all over the Jewish Diaspora, the third Aliyah (influx of Jews to Palestine) took place in 1919[2]. The number of Jews gradually increased in Palestine, and by 1947, the 11% population of Jews increased to a healthy 33%[3]. The immediate cause of the Palestinian problem is often dated to November 29th 1947, on which the UN announced that the British Mandate of Palestine would be divided into separate Arab and Jewish states[4]. The decree sparked great outrage from Arab nations, but was a warmly welcomed decision from the Jews and other European and North American States. Two pinnacle wars then followed which would directly influence into the Palestinian problem. The Civil War first took place as an immediate reaction eleven days after the UNs declaration. Jewish victory then led war lead to two events: the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May the 14th 1948 and the beginning of An-Nakabah, the Palestinian Exodus. In first phase of the Palestinian Exodus, 125,000 were evicted or fled from their homes, and were prevented from returning[5]. The second war that followed was the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. In this war, Israel was to face a grand Arab coalition which denounced its independence. A decisive Israeli victory, and a disastrous Arab defeat increased the final number of the Palestinian exodus to a staggering 750 000 Palestinians. By the middle of the 20th century, State of Israel was firmly established upon the former Palestinian territories, and many Palestinian settlements were either depopulated or destroyed. Hence, the Palestinian problem was herein created; an issue of Palestinians, their state, homeland, refugees, and also Palestinian-Israeli co-existence in Palestine and the stance of Jerusalem, is all to exist until this very day. Yasser Arafat and the Creation of Fatah: Born on 24 August 1929, in Cairo, Egypt, Yasser Arafat was the son of Palestinian parent[6]. During the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1948, he went to Palestine to join the fighting. His role in the Palestinian problem begins early on in his political life when in 1958, Arafat, with a number of his Palestinian colleagues in Kuwait, corroborated and formed the militant group Fatah. The group was dedicated to liberate Palestine by Palestinians with a means of force. The idea was to eliminate Zionist Israel re-establish Palestinian homeland and resolve the Palestinian problem. Until this very day, Fatahs main goal is, complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist economic, political, military and cultural existence.[7] A Means of Force, to Settle to Problem: The Rise of Fatah, the PLO and the 70s: In the Six Day War, Fatah did play a small role in the fighting against the Israel. The humiliating Arab defeat further broke Arab morale especially that of the Palestinians who consequently lost trust in the united Arab resolution. But Fatah was to have its first main military encounter with Israel in the Battle of Karameh on March 21st 1968. With Fatah growing in stature, organised raid were conducted against Israeli settlements. Israels retaliation was to raid the Jordanian city of Karameh, a newly made stronghold for Fatah[8]. Though the battle was a military victory for Israel, it was seen as a somewhat physiological victory for Fatah. Abdallah Frangi (a Palestinian leader at the time) labelled it the political and military turning point in the Palestinian resistance, especially for Fatah.[9] Arab support was rallied behind the group, and Arafat was able to garner a number of Palestinian recruits for his group. Fatah was inducted into the PLO in 1967, and in 1969, Yasser Arafat became chairman of the PLO. Arafat transformed the organisation into becoming a strong independent organisation intended to make Palestinian appeals be heard by the world[10]. He therein became the ultimate leader of the Palestinian resurgence. By 1970, Yasser Arafat was deeply engaging in his arms resolution of the Palestinian problem. Raids into Israeli territories were organised regularly and Fatah was became an increased threat to Israel. In Arafats and Fatahs prime years of the 70s, both the PLO and Mossad (The Israeli Intelligence Agency) engaged in terrorist style warfare against each other. The Mossads known for several key assassinations, such as that of Ghassan Kanafani [11], (writer and spokesman for the Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine, considered the second largest group in the PLO after Fatah) and Dr Wadie Haddad[12] (leader of the PFLP.) For the PLO, the Fatah group, Black September were one of the key groups engaging in such activities[13]. One of the most famous works of Black September was the abduction and assassination of 11 Israeli athletes in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games[14]. Though Arafat has never been proven to be part of the attacks, Israeli and American authorities often associate him to them. Analysis of Arafats Forceful Resolve: A number of western sources agree that Yasser Arafat tried to resolve the Palestinian problem through a means of terrorism. Its stated that he saw in terrorism, not of the horrific murders, but rather a means of gaining recognition for Palestine and Palestinian struggle. Barry and Judith Rubin, authors of Yasser Arafat: A Political Biography state, He had seen how it [terrorism] mobilized Palestinian and Arab support for the PLO; raised the Palestine issues international priority; prevented other Arab states from negotiating peace with Israel, and made many western leaders eager to appease him.[15] Often using the Fatah subgroup, Black September, there are claims that Arafat often approved operations and stemmed funds to them[16]. The argument also states that Arafat consistently throughout his life would deny such acts, thereby having a remarkable ability to escape responsibility for the terrorism he committed.[17] These views clearly classify Arafats armed approach in dealing with the Palestinian problem as acts of terrorism. They proclaim that Arafat, as a terrorist, used fear antic to drive his goal of dealing with the Palestinian struggle. The alternative view, in that Arafat was a freedom fighter is believed by many other historians and writers. Its a stance expressed by one of the closest people to Arafat, Bassam Abu Sharif (Senior Advisor to Yasser Arafat.) In his book, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, he states, In my opinion, people in the west saw Arafat through the negative propaganda which rather painted Arafat as a terrorist, rather than a freedom fighter[18]. With the Palestinian problem ignored early on by many western countries[19], it indeed was Arafat who rather globalised the issue, made it a phenomenon everyone needed to solve. This is seen to make Arafats armed role in dealing with the Palestinian problem a pivotal one. These arguments also highlight Arafat as being the sole power in the Palestinian revival following the Six Day War, It was in these disheartening circumstances that the Palestinian revival began. There was little doubt that Arafats was the decisive voice[20]. Also, those which Arafat commanded are perceived as freedom fighters by some, Yasser Arafat, who had emerged as a significant figure in the Palestinian struggle for liberation, recruited young people to the resistance movement. In 1970, Palestinian freedom fighters took control of the Gaza Strip Yasser Arafat hence provided Palestinian revitalisation in the Palestinian problem, hereby making his armed role an extremely important one. As quoted by Stephen Howe, Without the Arafat of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, there might well not have been a Palestinian national movement at all. Evaluation: Surely, Arafats armed solution is interpreted differently by different cultures and people. Arafats emergence was in bloody early days of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, a time when sympathy of Palestinians and their struggle was widespread in the Muslim world whereas backing and support was provided to Israel by many western states. This makes the Palestinian debate a 2 sided debate, and consequently, an evaluation of Arafat is often affected by emotion and bias by the opposing parties. Arafats armed resolution of the Palestinian problem isnt a clear cut issue of neither terrorism nor political fanaticism. Two issues must be understood to drive this point; firstly, Arafats activities as a militant rather than a terrorist. An analysis of Yasser Arafats activates prove that he rather was present and an active member in raids and attacks against the Israeli army and troops and rather not in the alleged terrorist attacks of the PLO. Also, since he never was proven to be a terrorist, it can never be claimed he was indeed a terrorist. Secondly, a distinction must be made between the activates of Arafat and those of his bodyguards and Fatah colleagues. Often, the actions of both are confused, and when an attack by Fatah insurgents is carried of, its often stated that Arafat himself was part of then. Its true that Yasser Arafats role as leader of Palestinian spurred some to extremism, but it must be understood, though his Fatah colleagues did engaged in terrorism, he didnt. Yasser Arafat armed role in dealing with the Palestine problem should not be seen as of radicalism or extremism in thought and intent. Arafats armed struggle, though did not solve the issue, did in fact bring some results. His armed struggle brought a resurgence of the people of Palestine. With the united Arab response being habitually useless (by constant Arab defeat and loss to Israel,) only a Palestinian response seemed to solution. This but rather needed the revival of the Palestinian hope, which was severely crushed by the mid 1960 (especially with the loss of Jerusalem.) Though ludicrous it may sound, Palestinian revitalisation would not have occurred through peaceful means. The reason for this was that Palestinians where irritated and demoralised by the constant disappointment in the outcomes of Arab negotiations concerning their struggle. A symbol of an armed struggle would only then revitalise these frustrated Palestinians. With the creation of Fatah, (to liberate Palestine by Palestinians) Arafats armed struggle brought this Palestinian resurgence. Arafat also united the Palestinian people, under his armed struggle, a strong step in dealing with the Palestinian problem. In essence, hadnt this revitalisation occurred, the State of Palestine would not have been created, and future talks of peace and co-existence would not have occurred. But it should be clearly understood, that Arafat did not achieve his intended aim in his armed approach. A Peaceful Resolve for the Palestinian Problem: A Change in Contention, Olso and Camp David: In 1974, the PLO executive committee including Arafat drew up The Ten Point Program[21]. By many, is considered as the first peaceful initiative taken by Arafat to resolve the Palestinian Problem. It was a decree calling for Israel to return back liberated[22] Palestinian lands. The declaration wasnt one of change in direction, though was unique in that it did show Arafat to have a way of dealing with the problem through negotiations. The Ten Point Program was to be followed by more years of violence. After years of unrest with the rise of the terrorist group Hamas and notably the coming into being of First Intifada (which Arafat associated himself to); on the 13th and 14th of December 1988, Arafat announces a change of thought. He formally recognised the State of Israel, renounced terrorism, and revealed intentions of seeking peaceful negotiations in managing the Palestinian problem[23]. A month earlier, the Palestinian National Council (led by Arafat) announces and proclaims The Palestinian Declaration of Independence[24]. It was a new direction for Arafat in settling the Palestinian problem. In 1993 marks a historical event in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, as the first direct talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders took place in Oslo, Norway. The talks were very secretive, with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabik with their top ministers negotiating in terms to co-exist peacefully. Issues such as the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian territories, Palestinian elections, economic cooperation and regional development were all discussed. Both parties agreed on the status of each, the rights of each other, and their intentions to co-exist. With the help of the Clinton government, on 13th of September 1993, the Oslo Accord was signed. It was thought to be the basis of all future talks between both. In 2000, continuing talks took place between Israel and Palestine at Camp David, in order to finalise the conditions of the Oslo Accord[25]. The talks were to therein define the boundaries of Israel and Palestine. The status of Jerusalem (a key aspect of the Palestinian problem) was the hindrance point in the talks. In regards to the possession of Jerusalem, both parties were unable to agree on a compromise, hence making the Camp David talks a failure. Analysis of Arafats Peaceful Resolve: Arafats change in approach in dealing with the Palestinian approach (i.e. seeking peaceful measures) has often incurred various interpretations. One particular arguement is that Arafat changed his strategy of armed approach to a peaceful one in order to fool others and drive his own agenda of securing Palestinian homeland. It was a typical Arafat style solution. By being so ambiguous about his methods and goals, Arafat could hope to convince the west that he was ready for peace and convince his own colleagues that he was determined to continue the struggle[26]. These views hereby make Arafats change in approach a somewhat deceitful trick that rather had true initiative. A different viewpoint states that Arafat was rather pressured by Israeli and American officials to denounce an armed approach and terrorism[27]. Throughout the Oslo Accords, its stated that Arafat was the weaker party, and that he was rather accepted terms and condition which Israel modelled[28]. This argument thereby makes Arafats peaceful resolution of the Palestinian problem not an intuitive of his, but rather a pressure he had to comply with. In regards to the Camp David Summit, a many historians believed it was doomed to fail. Kamrava argues that both parties thought they were giving up more to the other, while the other wasnt being reasonable[29] in their compromise[30].Hence, in dealing with the most controversial issue of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the issue of Jerusalem, there was never to be an agreement. Hence, Arafats peaceful resolve of the Palestinian problem was always doomed to fail. Nevertheless, there are others, such as Bassim Abu Sherif, who says that the new peace path was rather genuine and promising. He claims though the US authorities did put down demands for Yasser Arafat, Arafat rather wanted his announcement to first be supported by for the PLO and Palestinians, then flexible to US demands, It was clear that Arafat wanted to be flexible enough to meet American demands, but he also wanted to make sure that he had the approval of the majority of the PLO executive committee to preserve the democracy of the decision making process of the PLO.[31] It was clear that Arafat was aware that by this time, both he and Palestinians were exhausted from fighting. Hence, this different approach in dealing with the Palestinian struggle might be interpreted as a new path, thereby creating new opportunities in dealing with the Palestinian problem. Evaluation: Arafats change in means resolving the Palestinian problem is also an issue of debate. The question of why change in direction and whether it was genuine is truly the discussion. But a deduction of Arafats activities brings an understanding of genuinity. Hence, his role in trying to resolve the Palestinian problem is herein magnified by his actions of this new resolve. Its evident that with years of unrest and the lack of advancement in resolving the Palestinian problem, Arafat needed to find a new resolve. He needed to settle the Palestinian crisis that now nearly turned into internal feuding. So, by understanding this dire need of change, it must be clear that he, Arafat, chose to change the idea of an armed struggle. It seems that he neither needed the pressure of Israel or the U.S. but rather chose to do it because of situation of the Palestinian people. Hence, it makes the resolution a genuine on Arafats part. Therefore, we see in Arafats change in thought his striving quest of solving the Palestinian problem. Arafats role in dealing with the Palestinian problem could further be evaluated by his actions at Oslo and Camp David. First of all, he dealt with the issue of Palestinian homeland in Palestine with the Oslo Accord. In this regard, Arafat failed to clearly resolve the issue, due to the vagueness of the matter he agreed on. This leads to the next issue of Jerusalem. Arafats Oslo agreements failure is exacerbated by the fact that the continuation of Oslo, (Camp David) broke down with the issue of Jerusalem. This issue of Israeli-Palestinian co-existence was spoken of the most in both talks, but without decisively dealing with this tension point issues, Arafat was doomed to fail. Hence, though Arafat tried to drive and resolve the Palestinian problem peacefully, he achieve no more than his armed resolution. Bibliography: Books: Lukacs, Yehuda, 1992, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict a documentary record 1967-1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Barry Rubin Judith Colp Rubin, 2003, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Bassam Abu Sharif, 2009, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. T.G. Fraser, 2008, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Brown, Nathan. J, 2003, Palestinian Politics after the Oslo Accord: Arab Palestine, University of Californian Press, London, England. Dan Cohn-Sherbok Dawoud El-Alami (eds), 2008, The Palestine-Israeli Conflict, Oneworld Publication, Oxford, England. Mehran Kamrava, 2005, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England. Mark Tesseler, 1994, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, Journals: Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987),University of California Press. Websites: UN Partition Plan, 2001, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm Yasser Arafat, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Timeline: Yasser Arafat, 2004, Retrieved 25th January, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4004859.stm Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html Muin Rabbani, 2000, Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography of Gassan Kanafani, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story168.html Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book, 2006, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r Terrorist Organisation Profile: Black September,2007, University of Maryland, Retrieved 26th January, 2010, http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=153 Arafat at the UN general Assembly, 2009, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal5.htm Prof. Francis A. Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, Retrieved 27th January, 2010, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php The Balfour Declaration, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm Fateh Constitution, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, Retrieved 20th February, 2010, http://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm The Balfour Decleration, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm The Third Aliyah, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Third_Aliyah.html The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948, http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm UN Partition Plan, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm Simha Flapan, 1987, The Palestinian Exodus of 1948, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987), pp. 3-26,University of California Press. Yasser Arafat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Fateh Constitution, http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061 Mark Tesseler, A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA, 1994, pg. 425 Ibid, pg.426 Yasser Arafat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat/ Muin Rabbani, 2000, Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography of Gassan Kanafani, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story168.html Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book, 2006, http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r. Terrorist Organisation Profile: Black September, 2007, University of Maryland http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=153 ibid Barry Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin, Arafat: A Political Biography, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York, 2003, pg.61 Ibid, pg.61 Ibid, pg.63 Bassam Abu Sharif, Arafat and the Dream for Palestine, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, pg. T.G. Fraser, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008, pg.57 Ibid, pg.88 Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974, http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html ibid Arafat at the UN general Assembly, 2009, http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal5.htm Prof. Francis A. Boyle, 2006 Palestine Independence Day, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaaid=3864 The Israeli Camp David II Proposal for Final Settlement, http://www.mideastweb.org/campdavid2.htm Rubin, op.cit., pg.113 Why did the PLO suddenly decide, in 1988, that Israel had a right to exist?, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_israel_exist_1988.php Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East, University of California Press, Ltd, London England, 2005, pg. 243-244 Ibid, pg.248 ibid Abu Sharif, op.cit., pg.183